{"id":24390,"date":"2026-04-26T06:42:48","date_gmt":"2026-04-26T05:42:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sukkatshalom-bneinoach.com\/?p=24390"},"modified":"2026-04-26T06:42:48","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T05:42:48","slug":"an-eye-for-an-eye-justice-not-revenge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sukkatshalom-bneinoach.com\/it\/an-eye-for-an-eye-justice-not-revenge\/","title":{"rendered":"Occhio per occhio \u2013 giustizia, non vendetta"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u05d1\u05e1 \"\u05d3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">UN PENSIERO SU\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sukkatshalom-bneinoach.com\/it\/parasja\/\">PARSHAT<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>EMOR 5786<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poche espressioni bibliche sono state fraintese quanto &quot;occhio per occhio&quot;. Viene spesso presentata come una primitiva legge di vendetta che inevitabilmente genera cicli di violenza. Eppure, leggendo attentamente il testo \u2013 e alla luce dell&#039;interpretazione ebraica classica \u2013 diventa chiaro che questa formula non era concepita per fomentare la violenza, bens\u00ec per contenerla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&#039;espressione compare tre volte nella Torah:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Esodo 21:23-25<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Levitico 24:19-20<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Deuteronomio 19:21<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Levitico 24:19-20 leggiamo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cSe un uomo infligge un danno al suo prossimo\u2026 frattura per frattura, occhio per occhio, dente per dente; come ha inflitto un danno a una persona, cos\u00ec sar\u00e0 inflitto a lui.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Questo passaggio appare in un contesto legale, non in una disputa personale. Il capitolo tratta del processo giudiziario, della punizione e dell&#039;applicazione equa della legge. Solo pochi versetti dopo leggiamo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAvrete una sola legge per lo straniero e per il nativo\u201d (Levitico 24:22).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In precedenza la Torah aveva gi\u00e0 comandato:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cNon ti vendicherai e non serberai rancore\u201d (Levitico 19:18).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Torah non pu\u00f2 contraddirsi. Se la vendetta personale \u00e8 esplicitamente proibita, allora &quot;occhio per occhio&quot; non pu\u00f2 essere un precetto per la rappresaglia privata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Limitare la violenza, non intensificarla.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nel mondo antico, le lesioni personali spesso sfociavano in interminabili faide di sangue. Una singola ferita poteva innescare una spirale di violenza generazionale. In questo contesto, il principio &quot;occhio per occhio&quot; era rivoluzionario. Significava: non pi\u00f9 di quanto fatto. Nessuna escalation. Nessuna rappresaglia sproporzionata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si tratta di un principio giuridico di proporzionalit\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quando questo principio viene estrapolato dal suo quadro giuridico e trattato come un diritto personale alla rappresaglia, pu\u00f2 effettivamente riemergere quel ciclo di violenza di cui si accusa la Torah di essere la causa. Ma questo non \u00e8 il risultato della legge in s\u00e9, bens\u00ec di un&#039;errata interpretazione della stessa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L&#039;insegnamento dei saggi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il Talmud (Bava Kamma 83b\u201384a) afferma inequivocabilmente che \u201cocchio per occhio\u201d non va applicato letteralmente, ma si riferisce a un risarcimento monetario. Rashi adotta questa interpretazione. Ibn Ezra spiega che un\u2019applicazione letterale sarebbe spesso impossibile o ingiusta. Cosa succederebbe se il colpevole avesse un solo occhio e ferisse qualcuno con due occhi sani? Cosa succederebbe se la ferita fosse involontaria? Cosa succederebbe se infliggere una ferita identica mettesse in pericolo la vita?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anche Chizkuni sottolinea che la Torah parla in termini di categorie giuridiche generali e che sono i giudici a valutare i danni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Torah stessa distingue nettamente tra omicidio e lesioni personali. Riguardo all&#039;omicidio, afferma:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cNon accetterai alcun riscatto per la vita di un assassino\u201d (Numeri 35:31).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Una vita umana non pu\u00f2 essere ridotta a un valore monetario. Le lesioni fisiche, tuttavia, possono essere valutate da un tribunale. Questa distinzione morale \u00e8 fondamentale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pertanto, i Saggi intendono il principio &quot;occhio per occhio&quot; come un principio di giustizia oggettiva amministrata dai tribunali, non come una mutilazione fisica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Un&#039;errata interpretazione di Matteo 5<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Matteo 5:38-39 \u00e8 scritto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAvete udito che fu detto: &quot;Occhio per occhio e dente per dente&quot;. Ma io vi dico: non opponetevi al malvagio...\u2018<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Questa affermazione presenta la Torah come se approvasse la vendetta personale, contrapponendola poi a un&#039;etica di non resistenza. Ma ci\u00f2 si basa su un&#039;errata interpretazione del quadro giuridico della Torah. La Torah parla di procedure giudiziarie \u2013 testimoni, giudici, pene proporzionate \u2013 non di individui che si vendicano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rappresentare la Torah come un testo che incita alla vendetta personale significa confutare una caricatura piuttosto che il testo stesso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Non vendetta, ma nemmeno passivit\u00e0.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Allo stesso tempo, sarebbe altrettanto errato affermare che la Torah richieda una sottomissione passiva alla violenza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il Talmud formula un principio chiaro:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cSe qualcuno viene per ucciderti, alzati e uccidilo per primo.\u201d<br>(Sanhedrin 72a).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Questo principio \u2014 <em>ha-ba lehorgecha hashkem lehorgo<\/em> \u2014 stabilisce che la legittima difesa contro una minaccia immediata \u00e8 permessa e, in determinate circostanze, obbligatoria. Non si tratta di vendetta, bens\u00ec di salvaguardia della vita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La legge ebraica distingue quindi tra tre categorie:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>vendetta personale<\/strong> \u2014 proibito (Levitico 19:18)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Autodifesa contro una minaccia immediata<\/strong> \u2014 consentito e talvolta richiesto (Sanedrin 72a)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pena giudiziaria inflitta da un tribunale<\/strong> \u2014 regolamentato e proporzionale (Esodo 21; Levitico 24; Deuteronomio 19)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Torah non promuove la giustizia fai-da-te n\u00e9 esige la passivit\u00e0. Indirizza la forza in due contesti strettamente controllati: la difesa immediata della vita o il regolare procedimento giudiziario.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L&#039;obbligo noachide di istituire tribunali<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&#039;obbligo di istituire sistemi di giustizia ha origine in Genesi 9:6:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cChiunque sparga il sangue dell&#039;uomo, dall&#039;uomo sar\u00e0 sparso il suo sangue.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il Talmud (Sanhedrin 56a) deriva da questo verso il comandamento noachide di <em>dinim<\/em> \u2014 l&#039;obbligo di istituire tribunali. Questo \u00e8 uno dei sette comandamenti dati all&#039;umanit\u00e0 intera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maimonide (Rambam), in <em>Mishneh Torah<\/em>, Hilchot Melachim 9\u201310, codifica che i non ebrei sono tenuti a nominare i giudici e a far rispettare le leggi noachidi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oggi, tuttavia, non esiste un sistema giuridico noachide globale distinto. In termini pratici, la legge ebraica riconosce il principio:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Dina de-malchuta dina<\/strong> \u2014 \u201cLa legge del paese \u00e8 legge.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Questo principio compare nel Talmud (Nedarim 28a; Gittin 10b; Bava Kamma 113a) ed \u00e8 codificato da Rambam (Hilchot Gezelah 5:11). Stabilisce che si \u00e8 legalmente vincolati dalla legge civile del paese in cui si risiede, a condizione che non imponga la violazione di divieti divini fondamentali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pertanto, l&#039;obbligo di giustizia oggi opera all&#039;interno delle strutture giuridiche civili esistenti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Emor come modello di giustizia divina<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La parashat Emor (Levitico 24:10-23) presenta un modello di giustizia divina. Affronta temi come la bestemmia, l&#039;omicidio, le lesioni personali e si conclude con il principio di uguaglianza tra stranieri e nativi. Nel mondo antico, questo era straordinario. La giustizia non doveva dipendere dalla trib\u00f9, dallo status sociale o dall&#039;etnia, ma da standard giuridici oggettivi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il Salmo 89:14 esprime questo concetto in termini teologici:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cLa giustizia e la rettitudine sono il fondamento del tuo trono\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La giustizia non \u00e8 semplicemente una convenienza sociale. Riflette il carattere di Dio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cOcchio per occhio\u201d non \u00e8 quindi una primitiva formula di vendetta. \u00c8 un limite legale. Frena l&#039;escalation. Sottopone le emozioni alla legge. Toglie la vendetta dalle mani dei singoli e la pone sotto l&#039;autorit\u00e0 giudiziaria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dove quella struttura crolla, segue il caos.<br>Dove funziona correttamente, la violenza \u00e8 limitata. Questa non \u00e8 vendetta. \u00c8 civilt\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_msocom_1\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Di Angelique Sijbolts<\/strong><br><strong>Grazie a Rabbi Tani Burton per il feedback<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>\u00a9 Copyright, tutti i diritti riservati. Se questo articolo vi \u00e8 piaciuto, vi invitiamo a diffonderlo ulteriormente.<br><br>I nostri blog possono contenere testi\/citazioni\/riferimenti\/link che includono materiale protetto da copyright di <a href=\"https:\/\/mechon-mamre.org\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mechon-Mamre.org<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/aish.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Aish.com<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/texts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sefaria.org<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chabad.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Chabad.org<\/a>e\/o <a href=\"https:\/\/asknoah.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AskNoah.org<\/a>che utilizziamo in conformit\u00e0 alle loro politiche.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u05d1\u05e1&#8221;\u05d3 A THOUGHT ABOUT\u00a0PARSHAT\u00a0EMOR 5786 Few Biblical phrases have been more misunderstood than \u201can eye for an eye.\u201d It is often presented as primitive revenge legislation that inevitably produces cycles of violence. Yet when the text is read carefully \u2014 and in light of classical Jewish interpretation \u2014 it becomes clear that this formula was [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24391,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"[]"},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24390","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-thought-about-the-parshah"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>AN EYE FOR AN EYE - JUSTICE, NOT REVENGE - Sukkat Shalom B&#039;nei Noach<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Noahide commandments provide a complete and sacred path. 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