INTRODUCTION TO THE SHEVA MITZVOT BNEO NOACH, PART TWO

Previously, we said that we know that we have a rabbinic tradition regarding the Sheva Mitzvot—and that we have faith that the rabbinic tradition traces itself back to Moses, as the revelation of the Oral Law alongside the Written Law. The question was, is there a Biblical source for the Sheva Mitzvot? The first answer to this question came from Rabbi Yochanan in Sanhedrin 56b, who identifies Genesis 2:16 as the verse containing the Sheva Mitzvot. There, Rabbi Yochanan explains how each word in the verse corresponds to one of the Sheva Mitzvot. Rabbi Yitzchak switches the order with regard to two of the mitzvot, but still uses that same verse.

I Review: Rabbi Yochanan’s Approach

TB Sanhedrin 56b

일곱 가지 미츠바는 어디에서 유래하는 것일까요? 랍비 요하난은 이렇게 말했습니다. “여호와께서 사람에게 이르시되 동산의 모든 나무의 열매를 먹으라 하시니라‘(창세기 2:16). ’여호와께서 명하시되“—이것은 다음을 가리킵니다. 법률, 다른 구절에서 ‘내가 그를 알고 그가 자기 자녀들에게 어떻게 명령하는지도 아느니라’ (창세기 18:19)라고 말씀하신 것처럼, “여호와”는 바로 그분을 가리킵니다. 신성모독, 다른 구절에 이르기를, '여호와의 이름을 모독하는 자는 반드시 죽을 것이다'(레위기 24:16) 라고 되어 있다. 여기서 "하나님"은 하느님을 가리킨다. 사신 숭배, 또 다른 구절에서 "너는 다른 신들을 섬기지 말라"(출애굽기 20:2)고 말씀하고 있습니다. 여기서 "사람"은 다음을 가리킵니다. 살인, 다른 구절에서 말하듯이, '사람의 피를 흘리는 자'(창세기 9:6)라고 합니다. "말씀하신 대로"—이것은 다음을 가리킵니다. 성적 부도덕, 다른 구절에서 말하듯이, '만일 어떤 사람이 자기 아내를 내보내고 그 아내가 그를 떠나 다른 남자와 결혼하면…' (예레미야 3:1) "동산의 어떤 나무에서든"—그가 얻은 것이 아니라 훔침“물론 먹어도 좋다”—하지만… 살아있는 동물의 사지

מנהני מילי אמר ר’ יוחנן דאמר קרא (בראשית ב, טז) ויצו ה’ א-לקים על האדם לאמר מכל עץ הגן אכול תאכל : ויצו אלו הדינין וכן huוא oomר (브라질어, ית) כי ידעתיו lamען אשר יצוו את בניו וגו' זו ברכת השם וכן הוא אומר (ויקרא כד, טז) ונוקב שם ה’ מות יומת א-לקים זו עבודת כוכבים וכן huוא אור (שות כ, ב) לא יehיeh לך אלאים אחרים על אדם זו שפיכות דמים 나 גילוי עריות וכן huוא אור (ירארא ג, א) לאר ן ישלח איש את אשתו ולכת ואיתו לאיש אחר אחר עץ עץן ולא גזל אכל תאכל ולא אבר מן החי

II The Approach of Tanna D’Bei Menashe

2 Sanhedrin 56b

This is the Tanna D’Bei Menashe, who takes out dinim 그리고 birkat Hashem and replaces them with sirus 그리고 kilayim, as the Tanna D’Bei Menashe [teaches]: Bnei Noach were commanded in seven mitzvot: idolatry, sexual licentiousness, murder, theft, not to eat the limb of a live animal, neutering, and forbidden mixtures… Tanna D’Bei Menashe, if he uses Genesis 2:16, he would also include denim 그리고 birkat Hashem! But if he does not, where would he derive them from? In fact, he does not use the verse in Genesis 2:16, but rather bases each of the Sheva Mitzvot on a separate verse.

האי תנא תנא דבי מנשה הוא דמפיק ד”ך ועייל ס”ך דתנא דבי מנשה שבע מצות נצטוו בני נח ע”ז וגילוי עריות ושפיכות דמים גזל ואבר מן החי סירוס וכלאים תנא דבי מנשה אי דריש ויצו אפילו הנך נמי אי לא דריש ויצו הני מנא ליה לעולם לא דריש ויצו הני כל חדא וחדא באפי נפשיה

Avoda Zara and Gilui Arayot

3 Genesis 6:11

And the earth became corrupted before G-d, and was filled with violence.

וַתִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ לִפְנֵ֣י הָֽאֱלֹהִ֑ים וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ חָמָֽס׃

4. 라시, 앞서 언급한 장소.

This term refers to both sexual licentiousness and idolatry, etc.

ותשחת. לְשׁוֹן עֶרְוָה וַעֲ”זָ (סנה’ נ”ז) כְּמוֹ פֶּן תַּשְׁחִתוּן (דב’ ד’), כִּי הִשְׁחִית כָּל בָּשָׂר וְגוֹ’:

Sirus

5. Genesis 9:7

And you, be fruitful and multiply; swarm upon the earth and multiply there.

וְאַתֶּ֖ם פְּר֣וּ וּרְב֑וּ שִׁרְצ֥וּ בָאָ֖רֶץ וּרְבוּ־בָֽהּ׃

Kilayim

6. Genesis 6:20

…from each bird according to its kind, and from each animal according to its kind, and from everything that creeps upon the earth according to its own kind, two of each kind shall come to you in order to live.

מֵהָע֣וֹף לְמִינֵ֗הוּ וּמִן־הַבְּהֵמָה֙ לְמִינָ֔הּ מִכֹּ֛ל רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽאֲדָמָ֖ה לְמִינֵ֑הוּ שְׁנַ֧יִם מִכֹּ֛ל יָבֹ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ לְהַֽחֲיֽוֹת׃

III Majority Opinion Favors Rabbi Yochanan’s Approach

7. Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Melachim 9:1

Adam HaRishon (the first man) was commanded concerning six things: idolatry, blasphemy, murder, sexual licentiousness, theft and the estqablishment of courts and enforcers.. Despite the fact that all of these mitzvot are a received tradition in our hands from Moses our Teacher, and that they make logical sense, [suffice it to say] that within the general context of Torah commandments, it is apparent that Adam was only commanded these. Noah was given the additional commandment, the prohibition of eating the limb of a live animal, as the verse states, “nevertheless, flesh with its life, which is its blood, you shall not eat.” (Genesis 9:4). Thus, there are seven mitzvot..

עַל שִׁשָּׁה דְּבָרִים נִצְטַוָּה אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן. עַל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. וְעַל בִּרְכַּת הַשֵּׁם. וְעַל שְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים. וְעַל גִּלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת. וְעַל הַגֵּזֶל. וְעַל הַדִּינִים. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכֻּלָּן הֵן קַבָּלָה בְּיָדֵינוּ מִמּשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ. וְהַדַּעַת נוֹטָה לָהֶן. מִכְּלַל דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה יֵרָאֶה שֶׁעַל אֵלּוּ נִצְטַוָּה. הוֹסִיף לְנֹחַ אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ט, ד) “אַךְ בָּשָׂר בְּנַפְשׁוֹ דָמוֹ לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ”. נִמְצְאוּ שֶׁבַע מִצְוֹת.

IV Rambam’s Opinion: Adam was not Allowed to eat Meat

8. Kesef Mishna on Hilchot Melachim 9:1

We can infer from this that Adam HaRishon was not commanded regarding the prohibition of eating the limb of a live animal, i.e., only if it was not an animal, it was permitted to him as food—and since Adam HaRishon was not permitted to eat meat at all, it was not necessary to command him regarding the prohibition of eating the limb of a live animal.

당신은 당신의 집에서 당신을 기다리고 있습니다. 당신이 당신의 웹사이트를 방문할 때 당신은 당신의 웹사이트를 방문할 준비가 되어 있습니다. 에베니스노는 네브라스카의 니토바에서 에네쉬와 왓슨스의 에브라에 대해 이야기합니다. 와즈”는 소미디어가 כוליתם כולוע שבע مצות MONיצו ه' אלים ושוא קרא באדם כתיב אא א א א ישרי רבינו דehוא 크레아 암마타 벨마에

V Rashi and Tosafot: Adam was Allowed to eat Meat

9. Rashi, Sanhedrin 56b

“You may freely eat”: An animal that is intended to be eaten, but not eiver min ha’chai, for an animal is not intended to be eaten during its lifetime, but for the purposes of breeding.

אכול תאכל – העומד לאכילה ולא תאכל אבר מן החי דבהמה בחייה אינה עומדת לאכילה אלא לגדל ולדות:

10. Tosafot, ibid

“You shall freely eat”—but not eiver min ha’chai: and although we say later (Sanhedrin 59b) that meat was not permitted to Adam Ha’ Rishon, that means that he was not allowed to slaughter animals in order to eat them, but if they died of natural causes, it was permitted. And this part of the verse comes to teach that, even if a part of an animal becomes disconnected from the living animal by itself, it is still forbidden.

אכל תאכל ולא אבר מן החי – והא דאמרינן לקמן (סנהדרין דף נט:) דלא הותר לאדם הראשון בשר לאכילה היינו להמית ולאכול אבל מתה מאליה שריא ואתא לאפוקי אבר מן החי דאפי’ נפל מאליו אסור:

11. Bereshit Rabba 34:11

“All creeping things that live…nevertheless, flesh whose lifeforce is still in its blood you shall not eat.” (Genesis 9:3-4). Rabbi Yossi Bar Eivu in the name of Rabbi Yochanan [says]: Adam Ha’Rishon, who was not permitted to eat meat was not given a prohibition against eiver min ha’chai. But Bnei Noach, who were permitted to eat meat were given the prohibition against eiver min ha’chai.

כָּל רֶמֶשׂ אֲשֶׁר הוּא חַי, אַךְ בָּשָׂר בְּנַפְשׁוֹ דָּמוֹ (בראשית ט, ג ד), רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר אַיְּבוּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁלֹא הֻתַּר לִבְשַׂר תַּאֲוָה לֹא הֻזְהַר עַל אֵבָר מִן הֶחָי, אֲבָל בְּנֵי נֹחַ שֶׁהֻתְּרוּ לִבְשַׂר תַּאֲוָה הֻזְהֲרוּ עַל אֵבָר מִן הֶחָי.

VI How Many Mitzvot do the Bnei Noach Actually Have?

12. Sanhedrin 56b

Rabbi Yehuda says, Adam Ha’Rishon was only commanded concerning idolatry, as the verse says, “and the L-rd G-d commanded Adam…” Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira says, he was also commanded regarding blasphemy, and there are those who say that he was also commanded concerning the establishment of courts, as Rabbi Yehuda says in the name of Rav, “I am G-d, do not curse Me; I am G-d, do not exchange Me; I am G-d, let the fear of Me be upon you”.

רבי יהודה אומר אדם הראשון לא נצטווה אלא על ע”ז בלבד שנאמר ויצו ה’ א-לקים על האדם רבי יהודה בן בתירה אומר אף על ברכת השם ויש אומרים אף על הדינים כמאן אזלא הא דאמר רב יהודה אמר רב אלהים אני לא תקללוני אלהים אני לא תמירוני א-לקים אני יהא מוראי עליכם

13. Avot 6:11

Rabbi Chananya ben Akahya says, the Holy One, Blessed is He, wanted to give merit to Israel. Therefore, He increased the Torah and the mitzvot for them, as the verse states, “Hashem desired, for His Righteousness, that the Torah should be great and glorious.

רַבִּי חֲנַנְיָא בֶּן עֲקַשְׁיָא אוֹמֵר, רָצָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְזַכּוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִיכָךְ הִרְבָּה לָהֶם תּוֹרָה וּמִצְוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מב) ה’ חָפֵץ לְמַעַן צִדְקוֹ יַגְדִּיל תּוֹרָה וְיַאְדִּיר:

14. TB Chullin 92a

Ulla said, these are the thirty mitzvot that Bnei Noach accepted upon themselves.

עולא אמר אלו שלשים מצות שקבלו עליהם בני נח

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